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CVE-2026-102277: brace-expansion: Quadratic-time expansion of the `{a},b}` rewrite causes CPU denial of service

September 29, 2026

Expanding {a},b}-shaped input takes time quadratic in the number of literal } characters, blocking the event loop.

Bash preserves a quirk where a brace group followed by a comma set still expands ({a},b}). The parser implements this by rewriting the string and restarting the scan. Each pass absorbs exactly one } and re-scans from the beginning, so n trailing braces cost n full passes.

References

  • github.com/advisories/GHSA-q2hr-2g5m-vwhr
  • github.com/juliangruber/brace-expansion/commit/33a5ef17b8d800bbfa8c52b14c39043b6aac1a96
  • github.com/juliangruber/brace-expansion/commit/bdff773f98e5988616b7039cc9b508df5d640b22
  • github.com/juliangruber/brace-expansion/commit/c55e67d8d8b1c56a2474afff15c2891166b2d364
  • github.com/juliangruber/brace-expansion/commit/ffdfa3e3806bed17c0874b8f1439b084de354a7e
  • github.com/juliangruber/brace-expansion/security/advisories/GHSA-q2hr-2g5m-vwhr
  • nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-102277

Code Behaviors & Features

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Affected versions

All versions before 1.1.21, all versions starting from 2.0.0 before 2.1.7, all versions starting from 3.0.0 before 3.0.9, all versions starting from 4.0.0 before 5.0.12

Fixed versions

  • 1.1.21
  • 2.1.7
  • 3.0.9
  • 5.0.12

Solution

Upgrade to versions 1.1.21, 2.1.7, 3.0.9, 5.0.12 or above.

Impact 5.3 MEDIUM

CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L

Learn more about CVSS

Weakness

  • CWE-400: Uncontrolled Resource Consumption
  • CWE-407: Inefficient Algorithmic Complexity

Source file

npm/brace-expansion/CVE-2026-102277.yml

Spotted a mistake? Edit the file on GitLab.

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