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CVE-2026-33895: Forge has signature forgery in Ed25519 due to missing S > L check

March 26, 2026 (updated March 27, 2026)

Ed25519 signature verification accepts forged non-canonical signatures where the scalar S is not reduced modulo the group order (S >= L). A valid signature and its S + L variant both verify in forge, while Node.js crypto.verify (OpenSSL-backed) rejects the S + L variant, as defined by the specification. This class of signature malleability has been exploited in practice to bypass authentication and authorization logic (see CVE-2026-25793, CVE-2022-35961). Applications relying on signature uniqueness (i.e., dedup by signature bytes, replay tracking, signed-object canonicalization checks) may be bypassed.

References

  • datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8032
  • github.com/advisories/GHSA-q67f-28xg-22rw
  • github.com/digitalbazaar/forge
  • github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/commit/bdecf11571c9f1a487cc0fe72fe78ff6dfa96b85
  • github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/security/advisories/GHSA-q67f-28xg-22rw
  • nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-35961
  • nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-25793
  • nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-33895

Code Behaviors & Features

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Affected versions

All versions before 1.4.0

Fixed versions

  • 1.4.0

Solution

Upgrade to version 1.4.0 or above.

Impact 7.5 HIGH

CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N

Learn more about CVSS

Weakness

  • CWE-347: Improper Verification of Cryptographic Signature

Source file

npm/node-forge/CVE-2026-33895.yml

Spotted a mistake? Edit the file on GitLab.

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